> The death toll in Russia has been estimated at 450,000, though the epidemiologists who suggested this number called it a "shot in the dark".[3] If it is correct, Russia lost roughly 0.2% of its population, meaning it suffered the lowest influenza-related mortality in Europe. Another study considers this number unlikely given that the country was in the grip of a civil war, and the infrastructure of daily life had broken down, the study suggest that Russia's death toll was closer to 1%, or 2.7 million people.[89]
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> Estimates for the death toll in China have ranged from 1 million[90] to 9 million,[3] a range which reflects the lack of centralised collection of health data at the time. The lower estimates assume that the flu arrived at the ports, and that poor communications prevented it from penetrating the interior,[90] but contemporary newspaper and post office reports, as well as reports from missionary doctors, suggest that it did penetrate the interior and that it was bad there
