For much of the country’s long history
its northern border was 3uid, and the national identities of literate
Koreans and Chinese mutually indistinguishable.1 Believing their
civilization to have been founded by a Chinese sage in China’s
image, educated Koreans subscribed to a Confucian worldview that
posited their country in a position of permanent subservience to the
Middle Kingdom. Even when Korea isolated itself from the
mainland in the seventeenth century, it did so in the conviction that
it was guarding Chinese tradition better than the Chinese
themselves. For all their xenophobia, therefore, the Koreans were
no nationalists. As Carter Eckert has written, “There was little, if
any, feeling of loyalty toward the abstract concept of Korea as a
nation-state, or toward fellow inhabitants of the peninsula as
‘Koreans.’ ”2 It was not until the late nineteenth century, and under
Japanese sponsorship, that a reform-minded cabinet undertook
measures to establish Korea’s independence and imbue the people
with a sense of national pride.
